A peer-reviewed scientific journal published semiannually by the Faculty of Arts – Al Khums, at Elmergib University. The journal is dedicated to publishing original research and scholarly studies in the fields of the humanities. It is issued electronically through the university’s website and was established by a decision of the President of Elmergib University in 2001. It is registered with the National Book House in Benghazi under legal deposit number (55/2021). The first issue was published in July 2001. As part of the journal’s development and the enhancement of its institutional identity, its name was changed to Elmergib Journal of Human Sciences, pursuant to University Council Decision No. 17 of 2025. The journal aspires to be among the leading scientific periodicals at the local, regional, and international levels and is managed by a distinguished group of faculty members from various academic disciplines. For correspondence with the journal’s editorial office: ehsj@elmergib.edu.ly
الرموز الدينية الرومانية في مدينة لبدة الكبرى: قراءة في النقوش الكتابية والشواهد الأثرية
During the Roman era, the Leptis Magna witnessed remarkable religious diversity, manifested in the spread of Roman, Greek, and Eastern symbols and worship, such as ancient Egyptian. This diversity left a clear impact on the city's religious life, a resonance reflected in the various inscriptions and archaeological remains. Therefore, the importance of this study lies in its reliance on primary sources, such as inscriptions and archaeological evidence. This further enhances its credibility and contributes to painting an accurate picture of the nature of worship in Leptis Magna during the Roman era, especially given the scarcity of other sources. The objectives of the study are: to analyze the religious inscriptions and archaeological remains discovered in Leptis Magna, to identify the symbols worshiped in the city, and to monitor manifestations of reconciliation between ancient and Roman religions. The problem of the study: Despite the abundance of archaeological evidence and inscriptions in Leptis Magna, there is a lack of studies that address this subject from a religious perspective. Therefore, the problem of the study is represented by the following question: What Roman religious symbols enjoyed a prominent and visible presence in Leptis Magna during the Roman era, as revealed by inscriptions and archaeological data? In terms of methodology, the study will adopt the historical-analytical approach based on the analysis of various inscriptions, in addition to the descriptive approach to addressing the archaeological remains of temples and various sculptural works. The study concluded that Leptis Magna was a model for studying the interaction between different cultures during the Roman era, especially on the religious level. It revealed the extent of the diversity of deities that was a noticeable presence, and evidence also shows that some of the city's local elements adopted Roman deities. It also indicates that the temples and all other works of art were not merely works of art, but rather a profound reflection of the extent of religiosity prevalent in the city.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elmergib Journal of Human Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effective Impacts of Smart Screen on English Language Acquisition at Different Ages and Study Levels
This research investigates the intersection of educational technology and second language acquisition (SLA) through examination of smart screen integration at SpokenEnglish Academy, a private language institution. A quantitative survey has been conducted to explore how interactive technology mediates the language acquisition process. The survey's data include 25 students who provide insights into learner perceptions of smart screen effectiveness. Also, a case study documents how SpokenEnglish Academy has implemented smart screens to examine language skill areas across (2.5-3) years during teaching class time. Findings have shown that students rate images/videos on smart screens (M=4.64) significantly higher than traditional methods for understanding new vocabulary. Primarily, 100% of respondents reported increased willingness to speak English during smart screen activities. Moreover, the literature review, including Krashen's Monitor Model regarding SLA, has been indicated. Therefore, this paper contributes valuable insights into how smart screen technology can enhance language acquisition by making input more accessible through multimodal presentation, such as lowering the affective filter through anxiety reduction, and facilitating meaningful interaction through authentic communication contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elmergib Journal of Human Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Natural resources in Al-Khums municipality: (a study in resource geography)
This study aims to identify the natural resources available in Al-Khums Municipality for current and future utilization. These natural resources include a geographically distinguished location with a moderate maritime climate and abundant sunshine, which is important for producing clean electricity. Winds also blow across the area, which can be harnessed for clean electricity production. Furthermore, the area boasts a diverse geomorphological landscape that has contributed to the presence of various natural resources, including plains with good soil and water resources, as well as diverse natural vegetation. The rock diversity, which includes limestone and other rocks, has contributed to the establishment of a cement industry, which can be expanded within the municipality. Additionally, the presence of several natural beaches covered with a layer of sand, which are of touristic importance, should be noted.
The Inflection of Prohibitive Forms in the Holy Qur’an and Their Indication of Inimitability
Studying the rhetorical styles of the Holy Qur’an helps uncover its hidden secrets and understand its inimitability. Among these secrets is the inflection of its styles, which the Qur’an has diversified in a wondrous manner and employed with remarkable precision. The entire Qur’an stands at the highest level of eloquence and perfection, whether in passages where such rhetorical styles are explicitly employed or in those where they are absent. These styles are used in accordance with the requirements of each context, for it is a revelation from the All-Wise, the Praiseworthy. Since the purposes of prohibition are subtle and varied, and since the ocean of the Holy Qur’an is filled with pearls and jewels, I was motivated to devote my effort to this aspect. Accordingly, this study examines the various forms of prohibition, especially those that occur with meanings other than their original sense, where context and situational indicators reveal their underlying implications.
إدماج الفلسفة في مناهج الدراسات العليا (رؤى نظرية وتجارب عملية)
This study aims to analyze the impact of integrating philosophy into graduate programs by reviewing prominent global experiences, identifying the main challenges and obstacles facing the integration process, and proposing practical mechanisms to implement it within universities. The study relied on the descriptive-analytical method, which allows for the analysis of educational and intellectual phenomena in light of real practices, through examining the theoretical framework of philosophy and its role in developing critical thinking, as well as analyzing applied experiences in some universities. The study concluded that integrating philosophy constitutes a fundamental axis in the development of graduate programs, due to its effect in enhancing students’ critical and value-based thinking and improving the quality of research outputs. However, Arab universities still face institutional, intellectual, and financial challenges that hinder this integration, necessitating the adoption of a comprehensive reform vision based on curriculum redesign, academic staff training, establishing research centers for philosophical thought.
Factors of Deterioration and Their Manifestations on Mural Paintings (Frescoes) in the Hunting Baths of the Ancient City of Leptis Magna, and Methods of Their Prevention
The ancient city of Leptis Magna is one of the Roman cities of the Tripolitania region (the Three Cities), renowned for its many prominent archaeological landmarks both inside and outside its walls. These monuments possess significant archaeological and architectural value, distinguished by decorative and artistic elements that reflect the cultural and civilizational creativity of human heritage during the Roman period. This outstanding value prompted UNESCO to inscribe the city on the World Heritage List. This study sheds light on the artistic and technical features of Roman wall paintings (frescoes) in the Hunting Baths at the ancient city of Leptis Magna. It examines the nature of the deterioration factors affecting these paintings, the varying manifestations of their impact, and the resulting negative consequences that have progressively undermined the artistic and architectural integrity of these works. This is particularly evident in the absence of effective scientific and practical conservation measures for the various elements of this cultural heritage, as well as the stagnation in applying preventive procedures and enforcing laws that deter both natural and human-induced deterioration in its different forms. The study also seeks to review available scientific approaches and propose preventive measures to limit the escalation of deterioration factors and to prevent the loss of the artistic features of the mural paintings in the bath complex, as they represent a global cultural and artistic heritage that deserves care and preservation as a cultural legacy for future generations.
the Word al-Ṣābiʾūn in the Holy Qur’an: A Grammatical and Semantic Study”
This study examines the Quran term Al-Sabians through a syntactic and semantic analysis by tracing its occurrences in the Quran and investigating the variation in its grammatical case between nominative and accusative forms, along with the scholarly debate this variation generated among grammarians and exegetes, the study aims to identify the grammatical foundations underlying this disagreement and to clarify the role of Quran context and variant reading in guiding grammatical interpretation. Adopting an inductive and analytical methodology, the research analyzes the occurrences of the term in Surah Al-Baqarah, Al-Ma'idah, and Al-Hajj, and reviews the views of major grammarians and commentators in relation to contextual meaning. The study concludes that this grammatical variation does not represent a violation of grammatical rules but rather an intentional syntactic choice shaped by Quran context reflects the precision of Quran expression and the flexibility of Arabic grammatical principles.
Applied Philosophy and the Representation of the Other in Islamic Heritage:A Study of Al-Biruni’s Methodology
This study aims to identify the methodological and epistemological foundations adopted by al-Biruni in his study of religions, and to examine whether his contributions to this field represent a genuine experiment in applied philosophy. It also seeks to explore the relevance of al-Biruni's methodological model to our current reality. The analytical method was employed to deconstruct al-Biruni's concepts in the study of religions, along with comparative methods to determine the limitations of his judgments. The historical method was also used to examine the prevailing epistemological framework of his era, in order to understand the relationship between his methodology and the intellectual landscape of his time. The researcher concluded that al-Biruni presented a coherent approach to representing the "other," enabling him to integrate this type of study into the realm of applied philosophy, and that his writings in this area constitute a valuable intellectual legacy.
Depression and Its Relationship to Self-Concept Among Secondary School Students in the City of Al-Khums (An Empirical Study)
This research aims to identify the relationship between depression and self-concept among secondary school students. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female students. The empirical method was used, employing two scales: a depression scale and a self-concept scale. Both scales demonstrated validity and reliability. Statistical methods were used to achieve the research objectives, including split-half testing, t-tests, and linear regression analysis. The research concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in the scores of the sample members on the research scales based on gender. However, there were statistically significant differences in the self-concept scores of the sample members based on their academic specialization, favoring science students. Finally, there were no statistically significant differences in the scores of the sample members on the depression scale .
The accusative style in Al-Farazdaq’s poem “He Who Knows His Home is Batha” and its effect on the meaning - Applied grammatical study
The conditional style is one of the most important grammatical methods that plays a fundamental role in constructing meaning and enhancing the connection between ideas within literary texts. This study came to shed light on the conditional style in Al-Farazdaq’s poem “He Who is Known for His Bruises” through an applied grammatical reading of the conditional devices, their types, conditional sentences and their answers, their effect on the verbs that follow them, and their role in enhancing meaning, which clarifies the effect of these grammatical structures in achieving grammatical cohesion and linguistic accuracy in the text capillary. This poem is considered a rich example of the various damma devices, and Al-Farazdaq excelled in employing this style artistically, as its grammatical structure was based on the repetition of the damma method in all its types, which reflects a grammatical awareness that has a great impact in highlighting and clarifying the meaning
Dimensions of Population Policies and Their Impact on Population Change in Libya A Study in Population Geography
They aim to bring about positive change in the population structure through a sustainable development program that encompasses all economic, social, and political conditions. This is achieved by implementing effective planning and regulatory policies that address all aspects of population change, including growth rates, composition, and distribution, with the goal of improving the population's standard of living. This can only be achieved by creating a balance between population growth and the state's social and economic priorities, anticipating outcomes that provide a diverse labor market and services that ensure the well-being of the population. capabilities, offer solutions to poverty issues, improve education policies, and diversify income sources, in an attempt to move away from oil, which is almost the only source in Libya. Developing the rest of the economic sectors represents protection for the economy, as fluctuations in oil revenues in the form of a decrease have negative effects on the population
The Role of Geographical Factors in the Strategy of Selecting Expansion Areas in the Roman Period
Following the consolidation of Roman power in the Mediterranean basin, the Romans adopted a series of strategic policies aimed at strengthening and expanding their civilization. Among the most significant of these strategies was the deliberate selection of areas for territorial expansion in accordance with the political, economic, and strategic interests of the Roman Empire. In this context, geographical factors played a decisive role in determining the suitability of regions for settlement, development, and long-term sustainability ,This study examines the role of geographical determinants in the Roman strategy of site selection through a comparative analysis of two important urban centers in the province of Tripolitania: the coastal city of Leptis Magna and the inland semi-desert city of Ghirza. The research classifies these determinants into two main categories. The first includes natural geographical factors, such as location, topography, water resources, and climate. The second encompasses economic and human factors, including agriculture, industry, and trade.
The Reality of Employing Artificial Intelligence Technologies in University Libraries: A Field Study at the Libraries of Al-Mergeb University
The study aimed to explore the reality of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in university libraries at Al-Mergeb University by identifying the level of awareness and knowledge among librarians and library staff regarding the concept and technologies of AI, assessing the extent of its use in technical library processes, examining the major challenges hindering its adoption, and exploring staff attitudes toward its future implementation and anticipated impact on the development of library services. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as the most appropriate methodology for examining phenomena within their real-life context. The findings revealed variation in the level of knowledge of AI technologies and limited actual use in technical operations, despite generally positive attitudes toward their future importance. The study also identified major obstacles, including inadequate technological infrastructure, lack of specialized competencies, and high financial costs. These findings highlight the need to adopt structured training plans and institutional strategies to support sustainable digital transformation in university libraries.
The Economic, Scientific, and Cultural Impact of Trade in Al-Hirah during the Period between the Third and Sixth Centuries AD
Trade was the lifeblood of societies in the ancient world, including Al-Hirah, which functioned as a major commercial center and a vital link between regions of goods and commodities in the East and the West. The inhabitants of Al-Hirah accumulated great wealth from trade, which resulted in significant economic, scientific, and cultural impacts on them and on other peoples during the pre-Islamic period. This study aims to clarify the importance of Al-Hirah’s commercial location, as well as the role of its inhabitants in building human civilization. The study reached several conclusions, including the keen interest of the kings and merchants of Al-Hirah in trade, taking advantage of its geographical position. Moreover, Al-Hirah became a meeting point for ancient cultures that blended with the local culture, leading to economic, scientific, and cultural development in the region.
Separation Between Conjoined Elements in Light of Grammatical Study and Qur’anic Exegesis
محمد خير الخلق النبي الرؤوف الرحيم، وبعد، فهذه دراسة بعنوان: (الفصل بين الْمُتعاطِفَيْن بين الدّرسِ النحويّ والتّفسير) وتتكوّن الدّراسة من مقدّمة، وتَمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتِمة، كان التّمهيد عرضا وبيانا لِمصطلحات البحث، فقمت ببيان (مفهوم الفصل بين المتعاطفين)، مع بيان علاقة علم التّفسير بعلم النّحو والإعراب، وموضوع التّفسير هو القرآن الكريم، وهو عربي اللفظ، وَفق أساليب العربية، وعلى سياق قواعدها التي ينطق بها العرب سليقة وفطرة، وينطقه المسلمون تعلّمًا لِما فِي كتاب الله تعالى، وفي الخاتمة: أوردت أهمّ نتائج الدّراسة، ومنها: أنّ الفصل بين المتعاطفين من المسائل النحوية التي بيّنها أهل العلم من النحاة والتفسير، وهي توسِّع مدارك المفسر. ومنها أنه يستحسن الفصل بين المتعاطفين، وقد يجب إذا وقع العطف على المبتدأ، وقد يجوز إذا فصل بين المتعاطفين بالتوكيد بفاصل مثل (لا)، أو ضمير منفصل.
Identify manifestations of social alienation among university students in light of their use of Facebook
The study aims to identify manifestations of social alienation among university students in light of their use of Facebook. It also seeks to uncover the causes and factors that lead to this alienation, while monitoring the impact of Facebook on university students. The study relied on a descriptive analytical approach through a social survey of the sample, and reached several conclusions, the most important of which are as follows: A. Field studies have shown that one manifestation of social alienation is the use of Facebook as a means of maladjustment and non-integration into reality, as an escape from reality, and as a lack of alternatives for spending free time. This confirms social isolation as a manifestation of alienation and a feeling of meaninglessness.. B. There are positive and negative effects of Facebook use, some of which are beneficial to study and others are not. C. The study showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the levels of social alienation among the sample individuals related to variables (gender, major, academic level. D. The study showed that there are statistically significant differences in the levels of social alienation among the sample individuals related to the variable (age group).
Transformations in the Political Geography of Libya after 2011: Causes and Implications
يمكن القول إن الأزمة الليبية زادت حدة وتعقيداً منذ 2011م، نتيجة النزاعات والتدخلات الخارجية مما فتح هذا فتح الباب لصراع طويل ومعقد، حيث تداخلت الأسباب الداخلية والخارجية في صناعة الأزمة في ليبيا. فداخلياً أدت النزاعات السياسية المختلفة المتواجدة في المشهد والمراحل النتقالية في نظام الحكم إلى تفكيك الدولة، حول مسالة استقرار ليبيا من عدمه والصراعات حول التواجد والهيمنة على الملف الليبي جعل الأزمة معقدة. بحيث يصعب حلها دون توافق داخلي وإرادة دولية لوقف التدخلات.
القرينةُ وَدَورها في تحديد المعنى عند اللَّغويين العرب (قراءةٌ لسانيةٌ)
This research examines the role of context in determining linguistic meaning, focusing on the Qur'anic text. It presents the concept of context among classical and modern Arab linguists, demonstrating how they analyzed context and clues to ascertain the intended meaning of shared terms. The research also clarifies the semantic functions of context in interpreting the Qur'anic text, drawing on examples from the Holy Qur'an. It highlights the intellectual connections between the Arabic linguistic heritage and modern linguistics, acknowledging the scholarly contributions of the Arabic linguistic heritage. The study affirms that context represents a central mechanism for producing meaning and regulating linguistic interpretation.
الحالُ ذاتُ الصاحب المُتعدِّد في سُورةِ إبراهيم – دراسةٌ تطبيقيّةٌ تحليلية
The adverb has its restrictive function in the Arabic language, and this restriction includes a restriction of its agent and its possessor. An adverb may have more than one possessor of an adverb that is appropriate to the context, and with which the composition is correct in wording and meaning. These adverbs with multiple possessives have been applied to Surat Ibrahim; Because it included many adverbs, in which there was a multiplicity of possessors of the adverb, this study was dealt with in three sections: The first section: Explaining the adverb by definition and connotation. The second section: The multiplicity of the adverbs’ possessors, its methods and conditions according to grammarians. The third section: The multiplicity of the adverbs’ possessors for a single adverb in Surat Ibrahim. The research reached a number of results, perhaps the most prominent of which is: that the adverb may have more than one possessor, and all of them are correct. In terms of structure, it is free of weak structure, even if it varies in its strength and priority, and it is correct at the same time in terms of meaning and connotation. In the context of the verses examined, it is possible that the current meaning in them can be attributed to more than one person in a situation.
Manifestations of Arab-Islamic Civilization in East Africa (424-656 AH / 1129-1258 AD)
This research discusses the Arab-Islamic cultural manifestations that emerged in East Africa. The settlement of Arab Muslims on the East African coast led to the spread of Arab-Islamic culture and the emergence of a new society based on Islamic traditions and local African customs that Islam refined and imbued with its standards and principles. This research clarifies the centers of Islamic propagation that represented the most important of these manifestations, namely the mosques, zawiyas, and ribats that preachers used for preaching and guidance. Over time, these became intellectual and scientific places where scholars, jurists, and teachers would come and hold their circles in various aspects of knowledge. This research also includes useful references to the efforts towards eliminating the slave trade in East Africa and consolidating adherence to Islamic customs, traditions, and norms there. This research also addresses the emergence of new systems of governance and administration represented in some Islamic states, kingdoms, and emirates .
Arch of Septimius Severus in the city of Leptis Magna
This research examines the Arch of Septimius Severus in Leptis Magna, one of the most important Roman archaeological sites in Libya and North Africa. The arch was erected in honor of Emperor Septimius Severus, who was born in Leptis Magna, to celebrate his military victories and consolidate his political position within the Roman Empire during the third century AD. The research explores the arch's geographical location and its role in the city's urban planning. Situated at the intersection of major roads, it was a pivotal element in social and commercial life. The research also examines the architectural style and artistic decorations that characterize the arch, reflecting the skill of Roman art and its influence by various cultural elements. Furthermore, the research addresses the historical and archaeological significance of the arch, its role in highlighting Leptis Magna's prominence within the Roman Empire, and the stages of its discovery and restoration. In conclusion, the research confirms that the Arch of Septimius Severus is a significant cultural landmark reflecting the grandeur of Roman architecture and the historical legacy of Leptis Magna.
Libyan Students' Perceptions towards Using Facebook Storytelling Videos in Enhancing their Vocabulary Skills
The present study aims to explore the perceptions of Libyan students towards using Facebook storytelling videos in enhancing their vocabulary skills. Furthermore, it is aimed to discover the benefit of Facebook storytelling videos used by Libyan Students in enhancing their vocabulary skills. This study used a mixed method design. The researcher obtained quantitative data first by data gathering, analyzing and taking precedence in explanatory mixed method designs. Furthermore, the researcher used qualitative method to fully analyze the conclusions of the quantitative data. The researcher used a close-ended questionnaire as well as semi-structured interview as instruments in this study. The participants were twenty-five Libyan students studying at the fourth year at English language department, Faculty of Education, Mesalata, Elmergib University during the academic year 2024-2025. Seven participants were male and eighteen participants were female. twenty-five Participants were chosen to conduct a close-ended questionnaire as well as the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with six participants out of twenty-five participants who were chosen to represent other students based on their engagement in class and their scores. This study revealed that Libyan students are using Facebook as a popular platform for enhancing their vocabulary in English. The findings showed that Facebook platform is a very active and easy way for university students who want to improve their language skills. Also, Libyan students enjoy learning by watching Facebook Storytelling videos. The researcher also found out that Facebook storytelling videos is a motivational tool to learn new words and know their meaning.
The Multifaceted Landscape of Language Acquisition: From Innate Structures to Dynamic Interactions
The acquisition and learning of language represent one of humanity's most complex cognitive achievements, sparking diverse theoretical perspectives among researchers. This paper explores the foundational and evolving viewpoints on how individuals master language, moving beyond the traditional "nature versus nurture" dichotomy. It begins by examining Noam Chomsky's nativist theory, highlighting his crucial distinction between linguistic competence (innate knowledge) and performance (actual language use), and the concepts of Universal Grammar and the Language Acquisition Device. While Chomsky's work profoundly influenced linguistics, psychology maintained a strong interest in observable language performance. The paper then delves into B.F. Skinner's behaviorist account, which posits language as learned through reinforcement. Subsequently, it discusses cognitive theories, including Jean Piaget's emphasis on language emerging from general intellectual development, and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective, which stresses the role of social interaction and cultural tools. Critiques of these early theories, such as the challenges posed by specific genetic disorders, are also addressed. Finally, the paper explores modern, integrative approaches like functional linguistics, usage-based theories, connectionism, and emergentism, which seek to synthesize insights from various disciplines, emphasizing dynamic interactions between innate predispositions, environmental input, and general cognitive learning mechanisms. This comprehensive review underscores that language acquisition is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring an interdisciplinary understanding
العوامل البشرية ودورها في ازدهار التبادلات التجارية بين القبائل الجرمية والرومان المسيطرين على الإقليم الإمبوري (98 – 235م)
The geographical location, raw materials and commercial goods available in Central Africa and the German Kingdom, as well as the presence of ports, markets and industrial goods in the coastal cities under Roman control, the workforce on both sides and the roads linking the north and south were among the most important factors that led to the change of the hostile relationship to peaceful relations between the Garamantes and the Romans; because the Garamantes were not able to dispense with the markets and commercial ports of the coastal cities; because they were the natural outlet for their commercial activity and the centers of connection between them and the ports of the Mediterranean Sea. As for the Romans, they were also able to dispense with the raw materials and goods available in Central Africa, which their commercial caravans were not able to reach except through the mediation and protection of the Garamantes. The study will rely on the analytical narrative approach in formulating information related to the study. The research was divided into the following Items: First: Geographical Location. Second: Human Factors: 1- Labor Force. 2- Ports and Markets. 3- Trade Routes. 4- Availability of Transportation. 5- Spread of Security and Stability.
"الحياة الثقافية في بلاد المغرب الأقصى خلال عصر بني مرين ( القرنان السابع – التاسع الهجريان / الثالث عشر– الخامس عشر الميلاديان)"
The research explores the interconnection between political, social, and cultural developments in the Maghreb al-Aqsa (Morocco). It highlights the impact of Marinid rule stability and the patronage of scholars in shaping intellectual life. The study addresses the research gap concerning this topic and focuses on the following problem: *What were the manifestations of cultural flourishing in the Maghreb al-Aqsa during the Marinid era?* *How did political and social transformations contribute to shaping the cultural scene during that period?* The study hypothesizes that relative political stability, state sponsorship of science and scholars, along with interaction with the Mashriq (East) and al-Andalus, were the main factors that contributed to the flourishing of cultural life in the Maghreb al-Aqsa during the Marinid era. **The significance of the research lies in:** 1. Revealing the political and social factors that fostered the cultural prosperity of the Marinid period. 2. Highlighting the role of rulers, scholars, and scientific centers in spreading knowledge. 3. Analyzing the impact of travels and migrations in enriching the cultural environment. 4. Evaluating the influence of educational institutions in consolidating thought and knowledge in the Maghreb al-Aqsa.
آراء الطبري في التعدد الوظيفي للحرف في تفسيره جامع البيان عن تأويل آي القرآن (الربع الأول أنموذجا)
This research addresses a specific topic in al-Tabari's interpretation, namely (al-Tabari's views on the functional multiplicity of letters in his interpretation, "Jami' al-Bayan 'an Ta'wil Ayat al-Qur'an," the first quarter, as a model). The research is divided into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first chapter briefly presents a biography of Imam al-Tabari, which is self-explanatory. The second chapter discusses the manifestations of functional multiplicity in letters (waw, aw, lam, and la).
الحملة الصليبية الخامسة (الأسباب المباشرة وغير المباشرة)
This research addresses one of the crucial and intricate historical topics related to the causes of the Fifth Crusade, focusing directly on the outcomes of these campaigns. The causes are divided into *direct causes*, which are further classified into three categories: the first pertains to the Islamic side, the second concerns the Crusader side, and the third relates to the European context. The *indirect causes* include the political, economic, and social factors that prevailed in Europe prior to the launch of the Fifth Crusade. The researcher examines the role of all these causes collectively in shaping the features of the Arab and Islamic world and its intellectual foundations. The study also reviews some of the results of the Seventh Crusade, which is considered one of the most significant Crusader campaigns faced by the Islamic world due to its profound negative consequences on Islamic society. Furthermore, the research highlights the role of scholars, thinkers, and historians in transmitting intellectual heritage and shaping a critical vision of history. From the Crusaders’ perspective, the *direct reason* for launching the campaign was to reclaim Jerusalem; however, this goal could not be achieved without first seizing control of Egypt, whose human and economic potential made it the arsenal of the Islamic world and the primary obstacle standing in the way of their conquest of the Levant and Jerusalem in particular.
أساليب التنشئة الوالدية الخاطئة وعلاقتها بالسلوك العدواني لدى المراهقين ببلدية الخمس
This research came under the title: The methods of wrongful parentation and their relationship to aggressive behavior among adolescents, and through research in the various methods that parents follow with their children, as they are diverse and different from one family to another, the methods have varied in terms of rejection and acceptance to tolerance of independence, neglecting exaggeration in care. The focus has been on methods (neglect, domination and excessive protection) and its relationship to aggressive behavior in adolescents. This research aims to reveal the relationship between the methods of the wrong parental treatment with aggressive behavior as the children realize, and the researchers used the descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability for this research. Information and data were collected through the questionnaire of (63) phrases distributed over four dimensions, namely (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, enmity). In this study, the researchers have adopted the application of methodological and scientific research tools to try to ensure the validity of the content or content of questions, using several technologies in addition to observation and interview. The research concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship (directly)Between the method of cruelty as a method of parental treatment and aggressive behavior of the teenager. And that there is a positive statistical relationship between the method of neglect and aggressive behavior of the teenager.
التوزيع الجغرافي للناخبين في انتخابات مجلس النواب الليبي 2014م
The 2014 House of Representatives elections were accompanied by political and security challenges that impacted the electoral process and the population's interest in the elections and voter registration. These challenges included security chaos and instability, due to the presence of militias, the proliferation of weapons, and the escalation of violence, as well as the looting and vandalism of polling stations in some areas. This led some residents to refrain from participating in the elections and to the closure of many polling stations. In addition, there were disagreements over visions and seat allocation, as well as dissatisfaction with the previous elections (the 2012 General National Congress elections). The turnout in the parliamentary elections declined, as it had been in the General National Congress elections, and the electoral base declined due to declining trust between voters and political elites.
خطاب المقاومة في مقالات عبد اللطيف الشويرف دراسة تحليلية نقدية
This study offers a critical analysis of selected essays by Abdel Latif Al-Shuweirf, aiming to uncover the aesthetic and intellectual mechanisms shaping his resistance discourse. Adopting an analytical approach—both descriptive and interpretive—the research reveals a multi-layered discourse: deconstructive, through irony and critique of colonial claims; constructive, by reviving symbols like Omar Mukhtar and Maitiqah; and aesthetic, via kinetic metaphors and vivid imagery. The study also highlights how the colonized body becomes a symbolic battlefield, turning individual victims into collective emblems. Narrative techniques such as dramatic irony and rhythmic escalation deepen emotional impact. The texts emerge as literary-historical documents shaping national consciousness.